Habitat deterioration promotes the evolution of direct development in metamorphosing species

Although metamorphosis is widespread in the animal kingdom, several species have evolved life-cycle modifications to avoid complete metamorphosis. Some species, for example, many salamanders and newts, have deleted the adult stage via a process called paedomorphosis. Others, for example, some frog species and marine invertebrates, no longer have a distinct larval stage and reach maturation via direct development. Here we study which ecological conditions can lead to the loss of metamorphosis via the evolution of direct development. To do so, we use size-structured consumer-resource models in conjunction with the adaptive-dynamics approach. In case the larval habitat deteriorates, individuals will produce larger offspring and in concert accelerate metamorphosis. Although this leads to the evolutionary transition from metamorphosis to direct development when the adult habitat is highly favorable, the population will go extinct in case the adult habitat does not provide sufficient food to escape metamorphosis. With a phylogenetic approach we furthermore show that among amphibians the transition of metamorphosis to direct development is indeed, in line with model predictions, conditional on and preceded by the evolution of larger egg sizes.     

Effect of stocking density on the behavior of newly transformed juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii

This study characterized the behavioral activity of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in the early stages of development, under different stocking densities (25 and 40 animals/m²), and during the light and dark phases of a 24-h cycle. Observations of individuals were made in 8 aquariums. Behavioral recording lasted 15 min/aquarium, 4 times/day and 4 days/week, 4 weeks in total. Food was offered twice daily. Observational methods included a combination of behavioral sampling and scan sampling. During the light phase, inactivity, cleaning and remaining in a shelter were the most frequent behaviors. During the dark phase the subjects displayed a higher frequency of feeding, exploration, swimming, and digging. At low density, the animals gained more weight and exhibited greater growth overall. These results indicate a behavioral pattern that is more favorable to animals in the lower density cultivation environment that can also create better living conditions for these shrimp, favor survival rates and therefore improve management success.     

Synthetic approaches to 6-substituted 9-(3-azido-3,4-dideoxy-β-d,l-erythro-pentopyranosyl)purines

Methyl 3-azido-2-O-benzoyl-3,4-dideoxy-β-dl-erythro-pentopyranoside (6) was synthesized through two routes in five steps from methyl 2,3-anhydro-4-deoxy-β-dl-erythro-pentopyranoside (1). The first route proceeded via selective azide displacement of the 3-tosyloxy group of methyl 4-deoxy-2,3-di-O-tosyl-α-dl-threo-pentopyranoside, followed by detosylation and benzoylation. The second route consisted, with a better overall yield, in the azide displacement of the mesyloxy group of methyl O-benzoyl-4-deoxy-3-O-methylsulfonyl-α-dl-threo-pentopyranoside (10), obtained by benzylate opening of 1, followed by benzoylation, debenzylation, and mesylation. Compound 6 was transformed into its glycosyl chloride, further treated by 6-chloropurine to give the nucleoside 9-(3-azido-2-O-benzoyl-3,4-dideoxy-β-dl-erythro-pentopyranosyl)-6-chloropurine (13). When treated with propanolic ammonia, 13 yielded 9-(3-azido-3,4-dideoxy-β-dl-erythro-pentopyranosyl)adenine.     

Slow heat rate increases yeast thermotolerance by maintaining plasma membrane integrity.

Thermal resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found to be drastically dependent on the kinetics of heat perturbation. Yeasts were found to be more resistant to a plateau of 1 h at 50 degrees C after a slope of temperature increase (slow and linear temperature increments) than after a shock (sudden temperature change). Thermotolerance was mainly acquired between 40-50 degrees C during a heat slope, i.e., above the maximal temperature of growth. The death of the yeasts subjected to a heat shock might be related to the loss of membrane integrity: intracellular contents extrusion, i.e., membrane permeabilization, was found to precede cell death. However, the permeabilization did not precede cell death during a heat slope and, therefore, membrane permeabilization was a consequence rather than a cause of cell death. During a slow temperature increase, yeasts which remain viable may have time to adapt their plasma membrane and thus maintain membrane integrity.     

Receptor-binding and down-regulatory properties of 22000-Mr human growth hormone and its natural 20000-Mr variant on IM-9 human lymphocytes.

Our earlier binding studies of the 22000- and 20000-Mr variants of human growth hormone (somatotropin) to pregnant-rabbit liver and mammary receptors [Closset, Smal, Gomez & Hennen (1983) Biochem. J. 214, 885-892] suggested that the 20000-Mr variant was a lower-affinity analogue of the 22000-Mr molecule. Since the receptor population in these tissues is not fully characterized, we have now investigated the binding of both variants to the well-characterized and highly specific human-growth-hormone receptor of the human lymphocyte IM-9 cell line. The maximum bindability of radioiodinated 22000- and 22000-Mr to IM-9 cells was 60 and 45% respectively. Both hormone variants have essentially the same binding characteristics: slow association (equilibrium reached in 8-10h at 30 degrees C), poor reversibility ('tight binding'), linear Scatchard plot, same specificity as shown by lack of competition by bovine, porcine or equine growth hormones or human growth hormone-(32-46)-(missing in the 20000-Mr variant),-(1-134)- and -(141-191)-peptides. Both unlabelled hormones inhibit binding of both tracers completely, with the 20000-Mr variant being only half as potent as the 22000-Mr one. The apparent affinity is 2.8 X 10(9)M-1 for the 22000-Mr variant and 1.6 X 10(9)M-1 for the 20000-Mr variant. This decreased affinity of the 20000-Mr variant appears to be due to a lower association rate constant. Concentrations (5 ng/ml) of the two variants that occupy about 15% of the total sites induce a marked down-regulation of the receptors after 18h incubation, but the 20000-Mr variant (50% decrease) has a smaller effect than the 22000-Mr variant (75% decrease). Thus the only consequence of the residues-32-46 deletion in the 20000-Mr variant is a lower association rate and affinity for the IM-9 lymphocyte human-growth-hormone receptor. The close binding characteristics of the two forms suggest that the known differences in their insulin-like effects cannot be explained by differences in the nature of their interaction with the human-growth-hormone receptor.     

A new species of bound ubisemiquinone anion in QH2: cytochrome c oxidoreductase

Using a combination of EPR and low temperature diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, a new species of semiquinone anion has been detected in QH2:cytochrome c oxidoreductase in submitochondrial particles under conditions of oxidant-induced extra reduction of cytochrome b. In contrast to the previously detected semiquinone anion, this new species is insensitive to antimycin but sensitive to treatment with 2,3-dimercaptopropanol and O2. The two species can easily be distinguished on the basis of their respective EPR properties since they differ in g-value, line width, and microwave power saturation behavior. It is concluded that the two species of semiquinone anion are bound to different domains on QH2:cytochrome c oxidoreductase. The existence of two different semiquinone anions in the enzyme strongly supports a mechanism of electron flow as proposed in the Q-cycle.